This workshop will explain how ERTMS performance can be improved by integrating HOF. This topic will be taking a systemic view. Highlights will be given to human automation team-working and the changing role of staff in automated railway operations as well as human cognition, using an evidence-based approach. Starting with real-operational cases, the HOF toolkit will be introduced as a potential solution. Focus groups with ERTMS HOF experts will lead us to reach joint conclusions.